ESL Notes and Handouts

Crossword : Month

2011-05-30T13:39:00.002+08:00

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Colour The Shape

2011-05-30T13:34:00.001+08:00

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Adverbs : Exercise 2

2011-05-23T13:33:00.000+08:00

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Adverbs : Exercise 1

2011-05-23T13:31:00.002+08:00

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Adjectives : Exercise 2

2011-05-23T13:29:00.000+08:00

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Adjectives : Exercise 1

2011-05-23T13:26:00.000+08:00

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2010-05-30T19:51:00.001+08:00

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Gender

2010-04-21T10:26:00.000+08:00

1. Most people and animals can be either feminine (female) or masculine (male).
Examples:

Masculine	Feminine
Man	Woman
Drake	Duck
Prince	Princess
Stag	Doe

2. There are some nouns that do not have feminine or masculine gender and they are known as common nouns.
Examples: Lawyer Pilot Fish Cousin

3. Please be noted that non-living things do not have gender and known as neuter.
Examples: Car Bowl Office Pen

Punctuation

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Punctuation Mark	Name	Usage	Example(s)
.	Full stop	1. At the end of the sentence.	I love English.
.	Full stop	2. At the end of abbreviation. (e.g. Mr., Co., Ltd.)	I think Mrs. Andrew is a nice person.
,	Comma	1. To separate items in a list of series.	He has a car, a house and a loving family.
		2. To join/separate independent clauses. (e.g. but, so, and, for)	Julie wants to buy a nice gift for her mother, so she take a part time job.
		3. After introductory element.	At the end of the day, we were very tired.
		4. To write addresses, dates, titles.	Mr. Edward Smith, the president of PTA. November 4, 1982.
		5. Sequence connectors.	Therefore, we need to evaluate this.
;	Semi colon	To connect independent clauses.	I love cake; she likes chocolate.
:	Colon	1. To introduce a list or single item.	Philips planned on visiting several countries during his holiday: Japan, Taiwan and China. They forgot to buy the most important item for the party: a birthday cake.
:	Colon	2. To divide hours from minutes.	11:20 A.M.
?	Question mark	At the end of interrogative sentence.	How are you? You’re from Asia, aren’t you?
!	Exclamation mark	1. After an interjection.	Ouch! That hurts.
!	Exclamation mark	2. To emphasis strong emotion in a sentence.	I was very displeased! I want to go home now!
‘	Apostrophe	1. To show possession.	That’s her car.
‘	Apostrophe	2. In contracted forms.	Don’t do it. I can’t help it.

Word search : The Simple Past Tense 1

2010-03-28T03:01:00.003+08:00

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The Simple Future Tense

2010-01-07T09:57:00.003+08:00

The simple future tense is used :

1 - to refer future action
2 - in conditional sentence
3 - to command/explain
4 - in passive sentence

Example of sentences

- Alice shall be one of the jury for next week court session.
- We will meet you there.
- I shall help you with your homework if you do the laundry.
- The ceremony will be hosted by Martin Snow.
- The drama will be continued for the second season.
- If you arrive earlier than me, will you wait for me there?

The Past Continuous Tense

2009-12-26T19:27:00.002+08:00

The past continuous tense is used in the following situations :

1 - To mention about something that happened at a particular time/moment.

Examples:

I was readinga book in my room.
They were discussing in the reading room for two hours yesterday.

2 - When two actions happen in the past.

She was singing while her brother was listening.
They were watching the television when their mother was preparing dinner.

The Present Continuous Tense

2009-12-20T07:45:00.000+08:00

The present continuous tense is used for the following:

1 – To show an action being done at that moment.
Examples:
- He is driving to work.
- We are watching the television.
2 – To show a future action.
Examples:
- Kelly is going to the seminar tomorrow.
- They are planning to go to the beach this weekend.
3 – For consistent action like habitual or repeated many times (with words like ‘after’, ‘constantly’, ‘always’, ‘frequently’, etc)
Examples:
- She is always rushing to go to school.
- They are looking after the house.
- He is frequently going on a trip.

The Simple Past Tense

2009-12-17T07:43:00.000+08:00

The simple past tense is used for the following :
1- To explain action in the past.
Examples:
- She went home yesterday.
- I ran to the bus stop.
2 – Conditional statements/situations.
Examples:
- If I were you, I would not do something like that.
- If I had enough time, I can write a better article.
3 – When direct speech change to indirect speech.
Examples:
- Direct : He said, “I will donate my money to the charity.”
- Indirect : He said that he would donate his money to the charity.

Simple Present Tense

2009-12-13T14:33:00.003+08:00

Exercise 1

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Simple Present Tense

2009-12-06T22:21:00.002+08:00

1 - Simple present tense is used for:

general situations.
frequency of events.
statements that always true.

2 - How to make simple present tense?

subject + auxiliary verb + main verb

But there are three important exceptions:

i) We don't normally used auxiliary verbs for positive sentences.
ii) For third person, we used add 's' to main verb or 'es' to the auxiliary verbs.
iii) For verb to be, no auxiliary verbs.

3 - Example of sentences:

I live in Calcutta.
The Sun rises in the East.
Do you like coffee?
I do not like coffee.
She does not like coffee.
I am Sarah.
Am I early?
Are you done?

Verbs

2009-11-05T20:31:00.004+08:00

Verbs are words used to describe action (walk, sleep,...), existence (be), possession (has,have,...) or state (hate,ignore,...) of people or things. It's what people and things do.

Most sentence or speech contain main verbs which express in form of tenses. In other word, verbs can change their form. It can be a new word (buy-bought) and sometimes endings are added (stalk-stalked).

The differences are depend on how they are used :

1 - Numbers (singular or plural)

2 - Tense (Past, Present, Future)

3 - Person (first person, second person or third person subject)

4 - Voice (active, passive)

Verbs can also be accompany by Modal Verbs or Auxiliary Verbs. Verbs also categorized as regular verbs and irregular verbs.

Crossword : Occupation

2009-11-03T01:07:00.004+08:00

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Modal Verbs

2009-10-27T21:55:00.003+08:00

Apart from Auxiliary Verbs - Be, Do and Have, the rest are known as Modal Verbs. They exist to help the main verb.

Modal Verbs are :

1) Can

Example :

Can I help you?
We can draw a line here.
We can't control it.

2) Could

Example :

Could I take a look at that?
We could try.
I think we could consider that.

3) Have to

Example :

I have to be there by 2.00 p.m.
That have to be her.

4) Must

Example :

I must complete it before noon.
We must leave now.

5) Might

Example :

We better call mom, she might be worried about us.
They might have suspected something.

6) Should

Example :

They should think of the possibility.
Should I cancel it?
It should be something to look forward to.

7) Will

Example :

Will you help me if I ask you to?
She said she will find it for us.

8) Would

Would it be nice to think it that way?
I would consider that as an option too.

9) Shall
More to UK that US English.

Shall I bring him to you?
I shall see it done.

Important notes:

1 - Modal verbs use 'not' to form negative modal verbs.

2 - They don't take 's' in third person.

3 - Some modal verbs can be used in Past Tenses or Future Tenses.

Auxiliary Verbs

2009-10-25T10:19:00.000+08:00

What is auxiliary verbs?

Auxiliary verbs are verbs that assist the verb. It can only be used with main verb and can't be used with modal verb.

Examples of auxiliary verbs are : Be (am/is/are/was/were/isn't/aren't/wasn't/weren't), Do (do/does/did/don't/doesn't/didn't) and Have (has/have/had/hasn't/haven't/hadn't)

Where to use auxiliary verbs?

1 - to make negative sentences.

Examples :

Positive statement : I do.
Negative statement : I do not.

2 - to ask questions.

Examples :

Do you see it?
Have you prepare the dinner?

3 - used in sentence structure of a verb sentence.

To Vs Too Vs Two

2009-10-21T11:20:00.000+08:00

To is usually used as a preposition.

Examples :

I will give it to you.
To arrive early, we must leave early as well.

Too mean "besides" or "also". Too is also used to show too much of something on term of quality.

Examples :

It's too much to handle.
She is annoying too.
It's expensive, too.

Two is a written number = 2.

Examples :

There are two books on the desk.
The two boys are my kids.

Everyone Vs Every one

2009-10-17T00:01:00.000+08:00

Everyone is a pronoun and used to refer a group of people.

For examples:

Everyone had fun at the party.
Julia suggested that everyone should bring something for tomorrow's event.

Every one, on the other hand, is a noun that refer to each and every person.

For examples :

Every one of the students passed the exams.
The boss talked to each and every one of his employees regarding the issue.

Then vs. Than

2009-10-12T23:53:00.000+08:00

Then is used to show time.

Examples :

So I see you then.
Then we learnt nothing.

Than, on the other hand, is used in comparison.

Examples :

I think you worth better than than.
I love you more than you do.
Her mother is younger than my mother.

You're vs. Your

2009-10-10T00:25:00.000+08:00

You're is shorten from You are. "You" is a subject and "are" is a verb to be (like you're playing..., you're falling...)

Examples :

You're the nicest person I know.
You're not going to the zoo with us?

Your is a possessive pronoun form to indicate something belong to you.

Examples :

That is your cat.
Your house has been selected as the most beautiful house in the area.

It's Vs Its

2009-10-08T23:02:00.000+08:00

It's a shorten/contraction from It is. It usually used in sentences like

It's a happy ending.
It's time.
I don't think it's yours.

Meanwhile, its is a possessive pronouns for it.

Examples of usage:

The dog sleep in its kernel.
Its painted in red.

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2009-10-04T22:53:00.001+08:00

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2009-10-04T22:39:00.000+08:00

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2009-10-04T19:41:00.000+08:00

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